HISTORY OF THE PATRIOTS

Saudi Arabia's History that evolved from 1744 to this day is full of rich events and stories to unveil.

The First Saudi Declaration

The beginning of Saudi Arabia was with the establishment of the first Saudi state (the Diriyah emirate) at the hands of "Imam Muhammad bin Saud" in 1157 AH / 1744, In the early twelfth century AH , corresponding to the eighteenth century the Arabian Peninsula and specifically Najd region was in a state of disintegration and insecurity which created a state of chaos and instability in Political and social aspects, in addition to the spread of heresies and superstitions, so this matter paved the way for an alliance between the Prince of Diriyah Muhammad bin Saud and Shiekh Muhammad bin AbdulWahhab. Muhammad Ibn Saud had assumed the Emirate of Diriyah in 1139 AH / 1727 CE, After the killing of its Emir Zaid bin Markhan, And the foundations of an emirate that later became a start for the establishment of the first Saudi state. Some believe that Muhammad bin AbdulWahhab worked to correct the faith and the application of Islamic law and achieve unification, while others see that the weakness of the tribal bond in Najd at the time and the emergence of the kingdoms of the small independent city were Muhammad bin AbdulWahhab’s motive to spread his call in order to unify these areas and get them out of the state Political and social decline, not the spread of polytheism.

The Unification Process

Muhammad bin Saud began to invite the nearby tribes, and through continuous communications he managed to subdue a number of these tribes. Muhammad bin Saud died one year later and his son Abdul Aziz took command of the army. He managed to annex Riyadh after twenty-seven years of fighting, subjugated Al-Ahsa and Buraimi to his state, and Raided Karbala in Iraq , as he took over the Trucial Coast states , and he fought several battles with the Sharif of Mecca who He was forced to conclude a peace treaty with Bin Saud in 1798 AD / 1213 AH after his defeat, but Ibn Saud broke the covenant in 1801 AD / 1216 AH and took control of Taif, Makkah and Jeddah until he was assassinated in 1803AD / 1218H.

Later on, his son Saud Al-Kabeer (Saud The Great) managed to subdue Medina, who destroyed a large number of shrines, walking on the teachings of Muhammad bin Abdul-Wahhab, who died in 1792 AD / 1206 AH , and the Hajj season was disturbed during that period, prompting the Ottoman Empire to intervene through its ruler in Egypt with Muhammad Ali Pasha and send His son Toson Pasha, who descended from Yanbu and headed towards the city ​​and in the middle of the road was defeated in the battle of Wadi al- Safra with the Al Saud in 1812 AD / 1227 AH , which forced him to retreat and return to Yanbu to seek reinforcements from his father, and then returned to remove the forces of the Great Saud from Mecca And the city of Madina in the same year, after which Muhammad Ali Pasha sent his son Ibrahim Pasha as leader of the Ottoman campaign against Al-Saud and The Wahabbi Forces,

and he fought several battles in Najd in the period between 1816 AD / 1231 AH and 1819 AD / 1232 AH . However, the Al-Saud and Al-Shiekh family did not end, and Abdullah bin Saud Al Kabir took command in a critical situation, and

entered into fights with the forces of the Ottoman Empire led by Ibrahim Muhammad Ali Pasha who succeeded Tusun and the orders of the ruler of the Ottoman Empire in Egypt Muhammad Ali Pasha to destroy the Bin Saud Center, The distance between the city and Diriyah was approximately 650 km from the desert,

and Abdullah bin Saud wanted to exploit the difficult geography in his favor, and he distributed his army in the form of small units in the villages of NajdHoping to bridge the numerical gap between him
and the forces of Ibrahim Pasha, but Ibrahim Pasha understood that, and he destroyed and settled all the Najd villages that had resisted his forces to the land until he arrived in the year 1819 AD / 1232 AH to Derayah and destroyed its walls,

and worked on the capture of Abdullah bin Saud and a large number From his family and supporters after a siege that lasted six months, after which he would be executed in a public square in Astana , thus the first Saudi Declaration ended.

The Seconed Saudi Declaration

In the month of May 1818 , corresponding to 1233 AH , Ibrahim Pasha left the Najd by order of his father, Muhammad Ali . Attempts were made to rebuild a Najdi state, the first of which was the attempt by Muhammad bin Mishari Al Muammar, who reconstructed and moved to Diriyah , but it did not last long as Mishari bin al-Imam Saud managed to return to Diriyah after escaping from prison, and Ibn Muammar tried to fight him and he was unable to obey Mishari Then the people of Sudair, Al- Mahmal, Huraymila, the people of Diriyah, and many other people of tattoo . After that, some of the members of the Al Saud fleeing, returned, and ordered Meshary to invade and fought the people of Salamiyya, and seized them and Al-Yamamah.

Then he went to Al-Dalam, where its owner pledged allegiance to it, then returned to Diriyah. After Mashari's power increased, the Ottoman Sultan was informed of this, and Ibn Muammar moved to Sdus to rally against Mashari, he later moved his army to Diriyah and captured Mashari. Then he moved to Riyadh to arrest Turki bin Abdullah, who managed to escape, and then the forces of Ibn Muammar were surprised at Darmei , and from there he went to the Druya , so he arrested him and took him to Riyadh, where he imprisoned him with his son to pressure his clan in Sodus to return Meshary, and they had handed him over to Turk, so he ordered Turki To kill them. But Turki could not stay in Riyadh because the Ottoman forces returned, so he fled again.

After the Ottoman forces left, Turki returned to Irqah , then the Emir of Tattoos joined him, then Sweden, the owner of Jalajil and those with him, and Turki declared war and removed the rest of the Turks from Riyadh, but Sweden withdrew, and the Turks besieged Turkey in Irqah but were forced to withdraw. After that, Turki attacked Dharma and seized it.

After the Battle of Al-Sabiyah , Turki went to his armies to Al-Ahsa, then he was able to submit to the Sultan of Muscat and the Sheikh of Bahrain. Turki lived until he was assassinated by his nephew, Mashari bin Abdul Rahman, who seized power until Faisal bin Turki killed him after he besieged the palace and stormed it.

Egypt then attempted to wage war on Asir and chose Khalid bin Saud Al-Kabeer to take over the affairs of the state in place of Faisal, the first period of his rule ended in captivity and exile to Egypt. But Khalid did not last long in power has risen up Abdullah bin Thunayan Al-Saud against him, as Faisal was able to escape from the castle with the help of prison Abbas Helmi first.

After Faisal's death, his son Abdullah took over and pledged allegiance to the people, but his brother Saud launched a war against him that lasted ten years. Saud moved to Najran, where its president helped him collect what he needed from men, and took his army to Riyadh, but was defeated by the army, which Abdullah had equipped with the leadership of his brother Muhammad, which led to his escape to Al-Ahsa. Later, after Saud regained his strength, he prepared another army in which he managed to defeat his brother Muhammad and his family and then went to Riyadh, but its people revolted against him by leading his uncle and defeated him, so Abdullah returned to it.

Saud then attempted to enter Riyadh again and succeeded, as Abdullah fled to the vicinity of Kuwait. After that, Saud battled Otaiba, was defeated by them, and many of his followers were killed. At the same time, Abd al-Rahman bin Faisal managed to return from Iraq, and when he arrived in Riyadh, he found his brother Saud outside Riyadh, who had contracted the disease and died ill. Abd al-Rahman assumed power, and Abd Allah then defeated Abd al-Rahman and returned to power.

In the midst of this war, the rulers of Al-Rashid governorate increased the thorn of the Emirate of Jabal Shammar, and Muhammad bin Abdullah Al-Rashid fought with the forces of Abdullah bin Faisal in Umm Al-Asafir, and was defeated and killed by many of his followers. After this defeat, the two negotiated and a truce took place. After that, the sons of Saud bin Faisal moved their armies towards Riyadh and arrested their uncle. Ibn Rashid invoked that and went with his army to Riyadh and reconciled with the sons of Saud to get out of Riyadh and release their uncle Abdullah, after which Riyadh became under the control of the Al-Rashid family, and Salem bin was appointed Sabhan is a prince over her, who killed three of the sons of Saud, which angered the Al Saud family and Ibn Rashid, and he removed him.

Ibn Rashid permitted Abdullah and his brother Abd al-Rahman to return to Riyadh, but Abdullah died and Ibn Rashid’s fears of Abd al-Rahman's attempt to regain power increased and he sent Salem again, but Abd al-Rahman deceived him and injured and killed many of those with him. Ibn Rashid negotiated with the people of Riyadh Abdel-Rahman should be the imam of the bidder and the director, and that Salem be released in exchange for the release of the Al Saud family in Hail. Then Ibn Rashid went to fight the people of al-Qasim, who were defeated at the Battle of al-Mleida . When Abd al-Rahman knew this, he left Riyadh but was encouraged to return, and when he met Ibn Rashid's army he was defeated before them in Huraymila. After that, Abd al-Rahman lived in the Badia, then moved to Qatar and then to Kuwait, and the end of the second Saudi state was at the Battle of Huraymila.

The Third Saudi Declaration

The Al Saud lost their authority in Najd and other areas of the Arabian Peninsula in the wake of the fall of the second Saudi state, but the foundations for the establishment of the third Saudi state remained, but they are dormant and need someone to move them. The loyalty in Najd continued to increase gradually to the Al Saud family, when they were in exile and exile, especially whenever they felt bad management of the Rashid family and their intensity in dealing with the Najdi community . A large number of the people of Najd continued to believe that the rule of the Al Saud rule of Najdi is primarily local, and that the Al Saud are a symbol of national independence and must be supported and supported, especially when they are certain of the Rashid’s affiliation to and loyalty to the Ottoman Empire , the country that led against Najd’s military campaigns. Many have greatly offended the relationship of this country with the inhabitants of Najd and other provinces of the Arabian Peninsula.

The third Saudi state started on ( 5 Shawwal 1319 AH / January 15, 1902), at the hands of its founder, Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud, in efforts to unify the country within the framework of a modern Saudi state that would restore the regions and territories that were affiliated with the first and second Saudi state . And remained until the year 1340 AH / 1921 in semi-continuous wars with the Emirate of Hail until the Emirate of Jabal Shamar fell on November 2, 1921 AD, at the hands of the forces of Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud, which in turn ended after several skirmishes with Al Rasheed forces ruled the family of Al Rashid in Ha'il Region and the Arabian Peninsula, the proclamation of the Sultanate of Najd . And that started with the appointment of Imam Faisal bin Turki Al Saud to Abdullah bin Rashid, governor of Hail, as a reward for his participation and injury during the siege of Mashari bin Abdul Rahman in Riyadh , following the assassination of Imam Turki bin Abdullah . Until 1340 AH / 1921 when Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud declared himself authority over Najd to found the Sultanate of Najd, which remained in place until the announcement of the establishment of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1341 AH / 1932.

In the summer of 1339 AH / 1921, a conference was held in Riyadh , attended by scholars and presidents, from the people of Najd , and they decided that the ruler of Najd, Prince Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud , and whoever succeeds him, would take the title "Sultan". Prince Abdulaziz wrote a book to the British High Commissioner, informing him of that, and on 27 Dhu al-Hijjah 1339 AH / September 2, 1921, the British government recognized Ibn Saud, and whoever succeeds him from his descendants, with the title "Sultan Najd", And in 1932 Saudi Arabia is officially recognized as an independent sovereign nation under the reign of King Abdulaziz Ibn Abdulrahman AlSaud.